student from 01.01.1921 to 01.01.1925
VAC 5.2.1 Экономическая теория
UDK 339.5 Внешняя торговля. Международная торговля. Внешнеторговая политика. Таможенные пошлины
UDK 339.9 Внешнеэкономические связи. Внешнеэкономическая политика. Международные экономические отношения. Мировое хозяйство
GRNTI 06.91 Экономика отдельных стран
GRNTI 06.51 Мировое хозяйство. Международные экономические отношения
OKSO 38.00.00 Экономика и управление
BBK 655 Мировая экономика
TBK 7771 Внешняя (международная) торговля
TBK 7735 Экономика отдельных зарубежных стран
TBK 7731 Мировая экономика
This article analyzes the current state, main instruments, and directions of development of China's trade policy in the context of the confrontation between the two global economic leaders, China and the USA. Understanding the meaning that China embeds in the concept of "trade policy" will enable Russia to perceive the logic of China's decisions and effectively build cooperation with China in the economic sphere and the related ones. The aim of this study is to identify the peculiarities of China's trade policy. To achieve this, the article examines the main indicators and instruments of China's trade policy, considers the current viewpoints of Chinese economists on trade policy, and analyzes activities concerning its implementation. Particular attention is given to the methods China uses to increase its influence in the global economy. The findings demonstrate that through its trade policy, China aims not only to enhance its economic power but also to shape new global rules and standards, reflecting its aspiration for leadership in international economic relations. China’s tariff system and the enforcement of non-tariff measures effectively protect its domestic market from foreign competition and encourage investments in the development of competitive high-technology production on the global market. The article shows that in China, the concept of "trade policy" encompasses a broader set of tools and measures than the commonly accepted tariff and non-tariff measures. Within its trade policy framework, China addresses a range of tasks, from the internationalization of the national currency to uniting developing countries and gaining priority in setting technical standards for goods and services. It is shown that China has been working in this direction for several decades, specifically since the early 2000s.
China's trade policy, internationalization of the yuan, international trade, trade policy instruments, rules of international trade, international economic relations
1. 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China and Long-Range Objectives for 2035. — Text: electronic // National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC): [website]. — URL: https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfb/ghwb/202103/P020210323538797779059.pdf (accessed: 30.03.2024).
2. China / [Electronic resource] // Global Trade Alert: [website]. — URL: https://www.globaltradealert.org/country/42/period-from_20050101/period-to_20240630 (accessed: 30.06.2024).
3. China Tariff Profile — Text: electronic // WTO: [website]. — URL: https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/daily_update_e/tariff_profiles/CN_E.pdf (accessed: 09.04.2024).
4. General Profile: China — Text: electronic // UNCTADstat: [website]. — URL: https://unctadstat.unctad.org/CountryProfile/GeneralProfile/en-GB/156/GeneralProfile156.pdf (accessed: 30.03.2024).
5. Information Technology Agreement. — Text: electronic // WTO: [website]. — URL: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/inftec_e/inftec_e.htm (accessed: 01.04.2024).
6. Monthly Reporting and Statistics on Renminbi (RMB) Progress Towards Becoming an International Currency. February 2024 / [Electronic resource] // RMB Tracker document centre: [website]. — URL: https://www.swift.com/our-solutions/compliance-and-shared-services/business-intelligence/renminbi/rmb-tracker/rmb-tracker-document-centre (accessed: 24.06.2024).
7. The Role of China’s Pilot Free Trade Zones in Promoting Institutional Innovation, Industrial Transformation and South-South Cooperation / [Electronic resource] // UNCTAD: [website]. — URL: https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/gds2023d5_en.pdf (accessed: 30.03.2024).
8. Trade Policy Review: China. 9 March 2022 — Text: electronic // WTO: [website]. — URL: https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc.aspx?filename=q:/WT/TPR/S415R1.pdf&Open=True (accessed: 01.04.2024).
9. Aleksandrova, M. V. Tariff and Non-Tariff Regulation of Imports in China and Its Impact on the Import of Goods from Russia / M. V. Aleksandrova // China in World and Regional Politics. History and Modernity. — : 2018. — pp. 275-291. Text: electronic// — URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/tarifnoe-i-netarifnoe-regulirovanie-importa-v-knr-i-ego-vliyanie-na-vvoz-tovarov-iz-rossii?ysclid=luu7rk9cj8902555056 (accessed: 30.03.2024).
10. Vinogradova, I. V. Current Trends in the Foreign Trade Policies of China, India, and South Asian Countries / I. V. Vinogradova // Russian Foreign Economic Journal. — 2022. — No. 10. pp. 100-110. Text: electronic// — URL: https://journal.vavt.ru/rfej/article/view/215 (accessed: 30.03.2024).
11. Foreign Economic and Trade Activities / [Electronic resource] // National Bureau of Statistics of China: [website]. — URL: https://data.stats.gov.cn/easyquery.htm?cn=C01 (accessed: 30.03.2024).
12. Denisov I.E., Zuenko I.Yu. From Soft Power to Discursive Power: New Ideologemes of China’s Foreign Policy / I.E. Denisov, I.Yu. Zuenko; Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Institute of International Studies. — Moscow: MGIMO-University, 2022. — 24 pp. Text: electronic// — URL: https://mgimo.ru/library/publications/china-foreign-policy-new-ideologemes/?ysclid=luu61anflw441156667&utm_source=ya.ru&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=ya.ru&utm_referrer=ya.ru (accessed: 30.03.2024).
13. Law of the People’s Republic of China on Foreign Trade — Text: electronic // : [website]. — URL: https://chinalawinfo.ru/economic_law/law_foreign_trade (accessed: 30.03.2024).
14. Law of the People’s Republic of China on Foreign Investments — Text: electronic // Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China: [website]. — URL: http://tfs.mofcom.gov.cn/article/fl/202101/20210103034662.shtml (accessed: 04.04.2024).
15. Law of the People’s Republic of China on Export Control — Text: electronic // National People’s Congress of the People’s Republic of China: [website]. — URL: http://www.npc.gov.cn/npc/c2/c30834/202010/t20201017_308277.html (accessed: 04.04.2024).
16. Law of the People’s Republic of China on Electronic Commerce — Text: electronic // Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China: [website]. — URL: http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zt_dzswf/ (accessed: 02.04.2024).
17. China Signed 19 Free Trade Agreements with 26 Countries and Regions — Text: electronic // Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China (MOFCOM). China Free Trade Zone Service Network: [website]. — URL: http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/article/rcep/rcepgfgd/202012/44121_1.html (accessed: 31.03.2024).
18. China Signed Cooperation Documents under the Belt and Road Initiative with 152 Countries and 32 International Organizations / — Text: electronic // Xinhua News Network: [website]. — URL: http://www.news.cn/fortune/2023-08/24/c_1129822163.htm (accessed: 02.04.2024).
19. The Circle of China’s Free Trade Friends Continues to Expand — Text: electronic // Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China (MOFCOM). China Free Trade Zone Service Network: [website]. — URL: http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/article/fzdongtai/202402/55198_1.html (accessed: 31.03.2024).
20. Kulinchev Y. A Decade of China’s Belt and Road Initiative: Challenges, Achievements, and Prospects / Y. Kulinchev — Text: electronic // Russian International Affairs Council: [website]. — URL: https://russiancouncil.ru/analytics-and-comments/columns/postsoviet/desyatiletie-kitayskoy-initsiativy-odin-poyasa-odin-put-vyzovy-dostizheniya-i-perspektivy/?ysclid=luib9bcksi696218747 (accessed: 02.04.2024).
21. Ma Guangmin, Wang Liyun. Strengthening China’s Voice in International Trade: Current Situation and thoughts // International Trade. — 2023. — No. 4. pp. 3-10. Text: electronic// CNKI [website]. Access by subscription — URL: https://www-cnki2.xstsg.top/kns8s/defaultresult/index (accessed: 30.03.2024).
22. World Economy and International Economic Relations. Complete Course / A. S. Bulatov [and others]; edited by A. S. Bulatov. — Moscow: Knorus Publishing, 2023. — 677 pp. — Text: electronic. Access by subscription. — URL: https://bibliocatalog.mgimo.ru:2337/books/948878 (accessed: 07.01.2024).
23. Mikhnevich S. V. Striving for Balance: Analysis of China’s Activities in Addressing Trade and Investment SDG Tasks through Cooperation with Key Partners Among the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) / S. V. Mikhnevich // Bulletin of International Organizations. — 2020. — Vol. 15. No. 1. — pp. 84-119. Text: electronic// — URL: https://iorj.hse.ru/data/2020/05/14/1546467910/VESTNIK_1_%202020__SITE-82-117.pdf?ysclid=lurbubv27f629999418 (accessed: 30.03.2024).
24. Oleynov A. G. Theories of International Trade and Foreign Trade Regulation (Part II) [Text] / A. G. Oleynov // "World and National Economy". — 2020. — No. 3 (52). Text: electronic// — URL: https://mirec.mgimo.ru/upload/ckeditor/files/teorii-mezhdunarodnoj-torgovli-i-vneshnetorgovogo-regulirovaniya-chast-2.pdf (accessed: 30.03.2024).
25. Main Functions of the Ministry of Commerce — Text: electronic // Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China (MOFCOM): [website]. — URL: http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/mofcom/zhize.shtml (accessed: 30.03.2024).
26. Financial Statistics Report for 2022 / — Text: electronic // People's Bank of China: [website]. — URL: http://www.pbc.gov.cn/diaochatongjisi/116219/116225/4761016/index.html (accessed: 02.04.2024).
27. Financial Statistics Report for 2023 / — Text: electronic // People's Bank of China: [website]. — URL: http://www.pbc.gov.cn/goutongjiaoliu/113456/113469/5202055/index.html (accessed: 02.04.2024).
28. Fruitful Results of Cooperation within BRICS under China’s Chairmanship — Text: electronic // "People's Daily" Online: [website]. — URL: http://russian.people.com.cn/n3/2022/0705/c95181-10119319.html (accessed: 01.04.2024).
29. WTO Agreements — Text: electronic // WTO Expertise Centre: [website]. — URL: https://www.wto.ru/about-WTO/WTO-agreements/?ysclid=lu30vupnyg688323210 (accessed: 30.03.2024).
30. What is a "Pilot Free Trade Zone"? — Text: electronic // Jinhua District of the Zhejiang Province Pilot Free Trade Zone: [website]. — URL: http://www.jinhua.gov.cn/art/2021/1/4/art_1229497160_59868768.html (accessed: 04.04.2024).
