<!DOCTYPE article
PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20190208//EN"
       "JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.4" xml:lang="en">
 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Theoretical economics</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Theoretical economics</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Теоретическая экономика</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="online">2221-3260</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">98584</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.52957/2221-3260-2025-3-83-95</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ МИРОВОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>MODERN PROBLEMS OF THE WORLD ECONOMY</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ МИРОВОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">Transformation of the global financial system: the US dollar and national currencies</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Трансформация мировой финансовой системы: доллар США и национальные валюты</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4335-6982</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Омарова</surname>
       <given-names>Зарема Курбановна</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Omarova</surname>
       <given-names>Zarema Kurbanovna</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>ZKOmarova@fa.ru</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>доктор экономических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>doctor of economic sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6899-487X</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Короваевич</surname>
       <given-names>Александр Андреевич</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Korovaevich</surname>
       <given-names>Alexander Andreevich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7144-0592</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Коноплев</surname>
       <given-names>Станислав Игоревич</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Konoplev</surname>
       <given-names>Stanislav Igorevich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Финансовый университет при Правительстве Российской Федерации</institution>
     <city>Moscow</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education &quot;Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation&quot; Vladikavkaz Branch</institution>
     <city>Moscow</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-2">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Центральный экономико-математический институт РАН</institution>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Central Economics and Mathematics Institute of Russian Academy of Science</institution>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <pub-date publication-format="print" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-05-08T23:34:18+03:00">
    <day>08</day>
    <month>05</month>
    <year>2025</year>
   </pub-date>
   <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-05-08T23:34:18+03:00">
    <day>08</day>
    <month>05</month>
    <year>2025</year>
   </pub-date>
   <issue>3</issue>
   <fpage>83</fpage>
   <lpage>95</lpage>
   <history>
    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-02-24T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>24</day>
     <month>02</month>
     <year>2025</year>
    </date>
    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-03-21T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>21</day>
     <month>03</month>
     <year>2025</year>
    </date>
   </history>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://theoreticaleconomy.ru/en/nauka/article/98584/view">https://theoreticaleconomy.ru/en/nauka/article/98584/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>Статья посвящена вопросам эволюции и современной трансформации архитектуры мировой финансовой системы. Актуальность исследования заключается в важности детализации актуальных вопросов влияния валютного фактора на международную торговлю, проведение расчетов и осуществление ценообразования на сырьевых рынках в условиях деглобализации и стремительной трансформации мировой финансовой системы, переходу к многополярному миропорядку. Цель исследования – анализ роли национальных валют в трансформации мировой финансовой системы и их влияния на процессы формирование многополярного миропорядка. Задачи исследования включают проведение комплексного анализа валютной композиции международных расчетов и валютных резервов, а также детализации динамики использования национальных валют в международных резервах и расчетах. Методы исследования включают анализ (структурно-динамический, статистический), метод экспертных оценок. Выборка данных охватывает период с 2000 по 2024 годы и основана на данных международных финансовых институтов и организаций, таких как Международный Валютный Фонд (МВФ), SWIFT. В результате исследования на основе статистических данных подтверждена гипотеза о снижении роли доллара США в мировой финансовой системе, что проявляется в сокращении его использования в суверенных международных валютных резервах, а также при осуществлении международных расчетов. Параллельно со снижением доли доллара США происходит его замещение национальными валютами. В свою очередь, изменение валютной композиции служит дополнительным драйвером деглобализации мировой финансовой системы, формированием новых валютных объединений и альтернативных систем расчетов. Область применения результатов включает разработку стратегий валютного регулирования, улучшение международного финансового сотрудничества и формирование более справедливой и устойчивой глобальной финансовой системы. Ограничения исследования связаны с ограниченной периодичностью выпуска статистических данных по международным валютным резервам, а также ограниченной доступностью статистической информации об инвестициях в государственные ценные бумаги КНР. Будущие исследования могут быть направлены на изучение влияния цифровых валют и блокчейн-технологий на трансформацию мировой финансовой системы.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>The article is devoted to the issues of evolution and modern transformation of the architecture of the global financial system. The relevance of the study lies in the importance of detailing the current issues of the influence of the currency factor on international trade, settlements and pricing in the commodity markets in the context of deglobalization and rapid transformation of the global financial system, the transition to a multipolar world order. The purpose of the study is to analyze the role of national currencies in the transformation of the global financial system and their influence on the processes of formation of a multipolar world order. The objectives of the study include a comprehensive analysis of the currency composition of international settlements and foreign exchange reserves, as well as detailing the dynamics of the use of national currencies in international reserves and settlements. The methods of the study include analysis (structural-dynamic, statistical), the method of expert assessments. The data sample covers the period from 2000 to 2024 and is based on data from international financial institutions and organizations such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), SWIFT. As a result of the study, based on statistical data, the hypothesis about the decreasing role of the US dollar in the global financial system was confirmed, which is manifested in the reduction of its use in sovereign international currency reserves, as well as in the implementation of international settlements. In parallel with the decrease in the share of the US dollar, it is being replaced by national currencies. In turn, the change in the currency composition serves as an additional driver of deglobalization of the global financial system, the formation of new currency associations and alternative settlement systems. The scope of application of the results includes the development of currency regulation strategies, improvement of international financial cooperation and the formation of a more equitable and sustainable global financial system. The limitations of the study are related to the limited frequency of release of statistical data on international currency reserves, as well as the limited availability of statistical information on investments in Chinese government securities. Future research may be aimed at studying the impact of digital currencies and blockchain technologies on the transformation of the global financial system.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>мировая финансовая система</kwd>
    <kwd>ФРС</kwd>
    <kwd>доллар</kwd>
    <kwd>национальные валюты</kwd>
    <kwd>дедолларизация</kwd>
    <kwd>нефть</kwd>
    <kwd>фьючерсы</kwd>
    <kwd>юань</kwd>
    <kwd>рубль</kwd>
    <kwd>деглобализация</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>global financial system</kwd>
    <kwd>Federal Reserve System</kwd>
    <kwd>dollar</kwd>
    <kwd>national currencies</kwd>
    <kwd>de-dollarization</kwd>
    <kwd>oil</kwd>
    <kwd>futures</kwd>
    <kwd>yuan</kwd>
    <kwd>ruble</kwd>
    <kwd>deglobalization</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
 <body>
  <p></p>
 </body>
 <back>
  <ref-list>
   <ref id="B1">
    <label>1.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Адлер И. Э. (2010). Роль доллара США в обслуживании внешнеторговых операций. Горный информационно-аналитический бюллетень (научно-технический журнал), №7, с. 46-50. [Adler, I. E. (2010). The role of the US dollar in servicing foreign trade operations. Mining Information and Analytical Bulletin (scientific and Technical journal), No. 7, pp. 46-50. (in Russian)].</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adler I. E. (2010). Rol' dollara SShA v obsluzhivanii vneshnetorgovyh operaciy. Gornyy informacionno-analiticheskiy byulleten' (nauchno-tehnicheskiy zhurnal), №7, s. 46-50. [Adler, I. E. (2010). The role of the US dollar in servicing foreign trade operations. Mining Information and Analytical Bulletin (scientific and Technical journal), No. 7, pp. 46-50. (in Russian)].</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B2">
    <label>2.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Боков А.Н. (2021). Кризис на мировом нефтяном рынке в 2020 году // Инновации и инвестиции, №9, с. 52-54. [Bokov A.N. (2021). The crisis in the global oil market in 2020 // Innovations and Investments, No. 9, pp. 52-54. (in Russian)].</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bokov A.N. (2021). Krizis na mirovom neftyanom rynke v 2020 godu // Innovacii i investicii, №9, s. 52-54. [Bokov A.N. (2021). The crisis in the global oil market in 2020 // Innovations and Investments, No. 9, pp. 52-54. (in Russian)].</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B3">
    <label>3.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Буторина О.В. (2015). Как США обеспечили победу доллара в Бреттон-Вудсе // Вопросы экономики, 2015; (8):58-72. https://doi.org/10. 32609/0042-8736-2015-8-58-72. [Butorina O. Dollar’s triumph in Bretton Woods: how was it done? Voprosy Ekonomiki. 2015; №8. с. 58-72. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2015-8-58-72 (In Russian)]</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Butorina O.V. (2015). Kak SShA obespechili pobedu dollara v Bretton-Vudse // Voprosy ekonomiki, 2015; (8):58-72. https://doi.org/10. 32609/0042-8736-2015-8-58-72. [Butorina O. Dollar’s triumph in Bretton Woods: how was it done? Voprosy Ekonomiki. 2015; №8. s. 58-72. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2015-8-58-72 (In Russian)]</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B4">
    <label>4.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бушуев В. В., Замятина Д. П. (2017). Финансиализация рынка нефти и варианты хеджирования бюджета Российской Федерации. Стратегические решения и риск-менеджмент, (4 (103)), с. 10-15. [Bushuev V. V., Zamyatina D. P. (2017). Financialization of the oil market and options for hedging the budget of the Russian Federation. Strategic Decisions and risk management, (4 (103)), pp. 10-15. (in Russian)].</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bushuev V. V., Zamyatina D. P. (2017). Finansializaciya rynka nefti i varianty hedzhirovaniya byudzheta Rossiyskoy Federacii. Strategicheskie resheniya i risk-menedzhment, (4 (103)), s. 10-15. [Bushuev V. V., Zamyatina D. P. (2017). Financialization of the oil market and options for hedging the budget of the Russian Federation. Strategic Decisions and risk management, (4 (103)), pp. 10-15. (in Russian)].</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B5">
    <label>5.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Волынский А.И., Круглова М.С., Никитина С.А., Плущевская Ю.Л., Славинская О.А. (2024). Юанизация в России: политический конструкт или экономическая реальность?: Научный доклад. – М.: ИЭ РАН, 2024. – 54 с. [Volynsky A.I., Kruglova M.S., Nikitina S.A., Plushevskaya Y.L., Slavinskaya O.A. (2024). Yuanization in Russia: a political construct or an economic reality?: Scientific report. – M.: IE RAS, 2024. – 54 p. (In Russian)].</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Volynskiy A.I., Kruglova M.S., Nikitina S.A., Pluschevskaya Yu.L., Slavinskaya O.A. (2024). Yuanizaciya v Rossii: politicheskiy konstrukt ili ekonomicheskaya real'nost'?: Nauchnyy doklad. – M.: IE RAN, 2024. – 54 s. [Volynsky A.I., Kruglova M.S., Nikitina S.A., Plushevskaya Y.L., Slavinskaya O.A. (2024). Yuanization in Russia: a political construct or an economic reality?: Scientific report. – M.: IE RAS, 2024. – 54 p. (In Russian)].</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B6">
    <label>6.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гаранина О.Л. (2016). Актуальные вопросы биржевого ценообразования на нефть. Российский внешнеэкономический вестник, №4. С. 98-113. [Garanina O.L. (2016). Current issues of oil exchange pricing. Russian Foreign Economic Bulletin, No. 4. pp. 98-113 (In Russian)].</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Garanina O.L. (2016). Aktual'nye voprosy birzhevogo cenoobrazovaniya na neft'. Rossiyskiy vneshneekonomicheskiy vestnik, №4. S. 98-113. [Garanina O.L. (2016). Current issues of oil exchange pricing. Russian Foreign Economic Bulletin, No. 4. pp. 98-113 (In Russian)].</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B7">
    <label>7.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Головнин М.Ю. (2021). Механизмы расширения сферы использования валют стран с формирующимися рынками в мировой валютной системе. Вестник Института экономики Российской академии наук, (6), 7-17. doi: 10.52180/2073-6487_2021_6_7_17 [Golovnin M.Yu. (2021). Measures to expand the use of emerging market currencies in the international monetary system. Bulletin of the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, (6), pp. 7-17. doi: 10.52180/2073-6487_2021_6_7_17. (In Russian)].</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Golovnin M.Yu. (2021). Mehanizmy rasshireniya sfery ispol'zovaniya valyut stran s formiruyuschimisya rynkami v mirovoy valyutnoy sisteme. Vestnik Instituta ekonomiki Rossiyskoy akademii nauk, (6), 7-17. doi: 10.52180/2073-6487_2021_6_7_17 [Golovnin M.Yu. (2021). Measures to expand the use of emerging market currencies in the international monetary system. Bulletin of the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, (6), pp. 7-17. doi: 10.52180/2073-6487_2021_6_7_17. (In Russian)].</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B8">
    <label>8.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Индекс нефти BRENT (2024) – [Электронный ресурс] Investfunds.ru – Режим доступа: https://investfunds.ru/indexes/624/ (дата обращения: 22.10.2024).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Indeks nefti BRENT (2024) – [Elektronnyy resurs] Investfunds.ru – Rezhim dostupa: https://investfunds.ru/indexes/624/ (data obrascheniya: 22.10.2024).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B9">
    <label>9.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Королева А. Доллар США: ещё не вечер // Эксперт. 2023. URL: https://expert.ru/2023/02/16/dollar-ssha-yesche-ne-vecher (дата обращения: 18.04.2025). Было 25</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koroleva A. Dollar SShA: esche ne vecher // Ekspert. 2023. URL: https://expert.ru/2023/02/16/dollar-ssha-yesche-ne-vecher (data obrascheniya: 18.04.2025). Bylo 25</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B10">
    <label>10.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кузнецов А. В. Императивы трансформации мировой валютно-финансовой системы в условиях многополярности // Финансы: теория и практика. 2022. Т. 26, № 2. С. 190–203. DOI: 10.26794/2587-5671-2022-26-2-190-203. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/imperativy-transformatsii-mirovoy-valyutno-finansovoy-sistemy-v-usloviyah-mnogopolyarnosti/viewer (дата обращения: 18.04.2025). БЫЛО 26</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuznecov A. V. Imperativy transformacii mirovoy valyutno-finansovoy sistemy v usloviyah mnogopolyarnosti // Finansy: teoriya i praktika. 2022. T. 26, № 2. S. 190–203. DOI: 10.26794/2587-5671-2022-26-2-190-203. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/imperativy-transformatsii-mirovoy-valyutno-finansovoy-sistemy-v-usloviyah-mnogopolyarnosti/viewer (data obrascheniya: 18.04.2025). BYLO 26</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B11">
    <label>11.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Масленников А. О. (2015). Крупнейшие мировые банки на рынке нефтяных деривативов // Мировая экономика и международные отношения. – Выпуск №9 C. 69-79. [Maslennikov A. (2015). World leading commercial banks in crude oil derivatives market. Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnyje otnoshenija. no. 9, pp.69-79]</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maslennikov A. O. (2015). Krupneyshie mirovye banki na rynke neftyanyh derivativov // Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya. – Vypusk №9 C. 69-79. [Maslennikov A. (2015). World leading commercial banks in crude oil derivatives market. Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnyje otnoshenija. no. 9, pp.69-79]</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B12">
    <label>12.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Милькин В. (2023). Высокий спрос на углеводороды сохранится вплоть до 2050 года – [Электронный ресурс] Ведомости. Режим доступа:URL: https: //www. vedomosti.ru/business/articles/2023/10/25/1002342-visokii-spros-na- uglevodorodi- sohranitsya (дата обращения: 07.06.2024). [Milkin V. (2023). High demand for hydrocarbons will remain until 2050 – [Electronic resource] Vedomosti. – URL: https: //www. vedomos-ti.ru/business/articles/2023/10/25/1002342-visokii-spros-na - uglevodorodi- sohranitsya (access on 07.06.2024)].</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mil'kin V. (2023). Vysokiy spros na uglevodorody sohranitsya vplot' do 2050 goda – [Elektronnyy resurs] Vedomosti. Rezhim dostupa:URL: https: //www. vedomosti.ru/business/articles/2023/10/25/1002342-visokii-spros-na- uglevodorodi- sohranitsya (data obrascheniya: 07.06.2024). [Milkin V. (2023). High demand for hydrocarbons will remain until 2050 – [Electronic resource] Vedomosti. – URL: https: //www. vedomos-ti.ru/business/articles/2023/10/25/1002342-visokii-spros-na - uglevodorodi- sohranitsya (access on 07.06.2024)].</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B13">
    <label>13.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Минаев С. В. (2001). Нефтяные цены-2000: шок, вызванный глобализацией. Глобальная экономика: 2000 год, (1), 48-61. [Minaev S. V. (2001). Oil prices-2000: the shock caused by globalization. The Global Economy: 2000, (1), 48-61. (In Russian)].</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Minaev S. V. (2001). Neftyanye ceny-2000: shok, vyzvannyy globalizaciey. Global'naya ekonomika: 2000 god, (1), 48-61. [Minaev S. V. (2001). Oil prices-2000: the shock caused by globalization. The Global Economy: 2000, (1), 48-61. (In Russian)].</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B14">
    <label>14.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Россия в октябре сократила запасы госдолга США - Минфин США – [Электронный ресурс] Информационное агентство «ТАСС». – 2023. Режим доступа:URL: https://tass.com/economy/1724003 (дата обращения: 29.10.2024) [Russia reduces holdings of US state debt in October — US Treasury Department – [Electronic source] TASS News Agency (2023). – URL: https://tass.com/economy/1724003 (access on 10/29/2024)].</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rossiya v oktyabre sokratila zapasy gosdolga SShA - Minfin SShA – [Elektronnyy resurs] Informacionnoe agentstvo «TASS». – 2023. Rezhim dostupa:URL: https://tass.com/economy/1724003 (data obrascheniya: 29.10.2024) [Russia reduces holdings of US state debt in October — US Treasury Department – [Electronic source] TASS News Agency (2023). – URL: https://tass.com/economy/1724003 (access on 10/29/2024)].</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B15">
    <label>15.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сюй В. Дедолларизация как направление финансовой политики России в современных условиях // Проблемы прогнозирования. - 2023. № 1(196). - С.16-31. [Xu Wenhong. Dedollarization as a Direction of Russia’s Financial Policy in Current Conditions // Studies on Russian Economic Development. 2023. Vol. 34. No. 1. Pp. 9-18. DOI: 10.1134/S1075700723010185 (in Russian)].</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Syuy V. Dedollarizaciya kak napravlenie finansovoy politiki Rossii v sovremennyh usloviyah // Problemy prognozirovaniya. - 2023. № 1(196). - S.16-31. [Xu Wenhong. Dedollarization as a Direction of Russia’s Financial Policy in Current Conditions // Studies on Russian Economic Development. 2023. Vol. 34. No. 1. Pp. 9-18. DOI: 10.1134/S1075700723010185 (in Russian)].</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B16">
    <label>16.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фейгин В. (2009). Конец эры «бумажной нефти» – [Электронный ресурс] Россия в мировой политике. – Режим доступа:URL: https://globalaffairs.ru/articles/konecz-ery-bumazhnoj-nefti/ (дата обращения: 12.06.2024). [Feigin V. (2009). The end of the era of «paper oil» – [Electronic resource] Russia in world politics. – URL: https://globalaffairs.ru/articles/konecz-ery-bumazhnoj-nefti / (access on 06/12/2024). (in Russian)].</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Feygin V. (2009). Konec ery «bumazhnoy nefti» – [Elektronnyy resurs] Rossiya v mirovoy politike. – Rezhim dostupa:URL: https://globalaffairs.ru/articles/konecz-ery-bumazhnoj-nefti/ (data obrascheniya: 12.06.2024). [Feigin V. (2009). The end of the era of «paper oil» – [Electronic resource] Russia in world politics. – URL: https://globalaffairs.ru/articles/konecz-ery-bumazhnoj-nefti / (access on 06/12/2024). (in Russian)].</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B17">
    <label>17.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чувахина Л.Г. (2022). Стратегические приоритеты ФРС США в условиях современной мировой экономики. C. 289– 325. – [Электроный ресурс] URL: https://mgimo.ru/upload/diss/2022/Chuvahina_diss.pdf (дата обращения:  06/07/2024)МГИМО МИД РФ. Strategic priorities of the US Federal Reserve in the context of the modern world economy. pp. 289– 325. – [[Electronic resource] MGIMO Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. – URL: https://mgimo.ru/upload/diss/2022/Chuvahina_diss.pdf (access on 06/07/2024)].</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chuvahina L.G. (2022). Strategicheskie prioritety FRS SShA v usloviyah sovremennoy mirovoy ekonomiki. C. 289– 325. – [Elektronyy resurs] URL: https://mgimo.ru/upload/diss/2022/Chuvahina_diss.pdf (data obrascheniya:  06/07/2024)MGIMO MID RF. Strategic priorities of the US Federal Reserve in the context of the modern world economy. pp. 289– 325. – [[Electronic resource] MGIMO Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. – URL: https://mgimo.ru/upload/diss/2022/Chuvahina_diss.pdf (access on 06/07/2024)].</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B18">
    <label>18.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шугаев Г. (2019). США, сланцевая нефть и ОПЕК+. Штаты манипулируют мировым нефтяным рынком. В этом им помогает нефтяной картель – [Электронный ресурс] Lenta.ru. – Режим доступа:URL: https://lenta. ru/articles/2019/03/18/opek/ (дата обращения: 17.06.2024). [Shugaev G. (2019). USA, shale oil and OPEC+. The state manipulates the global oil market. The oil cartel helps them in this - [Electric resource] Lenta.ru. - URL: https://lenta.ru/articles/2019/03/18/opek / (access on 06/17/2024)].</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shugaev G. (2019). SShA, slancevaya neft' i OPEK+. Shtaty manipuliruyut mirovym neftyanym rynkom. V etom im pomogaet neftyanoy kartel' – [Elektronnyy resurs] Lenta.ru. – Rezhim dostupa:URL: https://lenta. ru/articles/2019/03/18/opek/ (data obrascheniya: 17.06.2024). [Shugaev G. (2019). USA, shale oil and OPEC+. The state manipulates the global oil market. The oil cartel helps them in this - [Electric resource] Lenta.ru. - URL: https://lenta.ru/articles/2019/03/18/opek / (access on 06/17/2024)].</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B19">
    <label>19.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arslanalp S., Eichengreen B., Simpson-Bell C. The stealth erosion of dollar dominance and the rise of nontraditional reserve currencies // Journal of International Economics. 2022;138:103656. DOI: 10.1016/j.jinteco.2022.103656. URL: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2022/03/24/The-Stealth-Erosion-of-Dollar-Dominance-Active-Diversifiers-and-the-Rise-of-Nontraditional-515150 (дата обращения: 18.04.2025).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arslanalp S., Eichengreen B., Simpson-Bell C. The stealth erosion of dollar dominance and the rise of nontraditional reserve currencies // Journal of International Economics. 2022;138:103656. DOI: 10.1016/j.jinteco.2022.103656. URL: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2022/03/24/The-Stealth-Erosion-of-Dollar-Dominance-Active-Diversifiers-and-the-Rise-of-Nontraditional-515150 (data obrascheniya: 18.04.2025).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B20">
    <label>20.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Currency composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves (COFER) (2024) – International Monetary Fund (IMF). – URL: https://data.imf.org/?sk=e6a5f467-c14b-4aa8-9f6d-5a09ec4e62a4 (дата обращения: 26.02.2025).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Currency composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves (COFER) (2024) – International Monetary Fund (IMF). – URL: https://data.imf.org/?sk=e6a5f467-c14b-4aa8-9f6d-5a09ec4e62a4 (data obrascheniya: 26.02.2025).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B21">
    <label>21.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Halcoussis D. The public choice approach to international sanctions: retrospect and prospect. Research Handbook on Economic Sanctions. 2021 Jan 1;152–66. DOI:10.4337/9781839102721.00014 URL: https://scholar.google.com/citations?viewop=viewcitationhl=enuser=ai6u6WgAAAAJcitationforview=ai6u6WgAAAAJ:qUcmZB5y_30C (дата обращения: 18.04.2025).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Halcoussis D. The public choice approach to international sanctions: retrospect and prospect. Research Handbook on Economic Sanctions. 2021 Jan 1;152–66. DOI:10.4337/9781839102721.00014 URL: https://scholar.google.com/citations?viewop=viewcitationhl=enuser=ai6u6WgAAAAJcitationforview=ai6u6WgAAAAJ:qUcmZB5y_30C (data obrascheniya: 18.04.2025).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B22">
    <label>22.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Major foreign holders of treasury securities – U.S. Department of the Treasury (2024). – URL: https://ticdata.treasury.gov/Publish/mfhhis01.txt (дата обращения: 29.10.2024).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Major foreign holders of treasury securities – U.S. Department of the Treasury (2024). – URL: https://ticdata.treasury.gov/Publish/mfhhis01.txt (data obrascheniya: 29.10.2024).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B23">
    <label>23.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Major Foreign Holders of Treasury Securities (2024). – U.S. Department of the Treasury. – URL: https://ticdata.treasury.gov/resource-center/data-chart-center/tic/Documents/slt_table5.html (дата обращения: 26.02.2025).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Major Foreign Holders of Treasury Securities (2024). – U.S. Department of the Treasury. – URL: https://ticdata.treasury.gov/resource-center/data-chart-center/tic/Documents/slt_table5.html (data obrascheniya: 26.02.2025).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B24">
    <label>24.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McDowell, D. Financial sanctions and political risk in the international currency system / D. McDowell // Review of International Political Economy. — 2020. — № 28 (3). — P. 1–27. — DOI: 10.1080/09692290.2020.1736126. URL : https://www.sci-hub.ru/10.1080/09692290.2020.1736126 (дата обращения: 18.04.2025).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McDowell, D. Financial sanctions and political risk in the international currency system / D. McDowell // Review of International Political Economy. — 2020. — № 28 (3). — P. 1–27. — DOI: 10.1080/09692290.2020.1736126. URL : https://www.sci-hub.ru/10.1080/09692290.2020.1736126 (data obrascheniya: 18.04.2025).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B25">
    <label>25.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Official Reserve Assets of China – State Administration of Foreign Exchange. URL: https://www.safe.gov.cn/en/ForexReserves/index.html (дата обращения: 18.04.2025).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Official Reserve Assets of China – State Administration of Foreign Exchange. URL: https://www.safe.gov.cn/en/ForexReserves/index.html (data obrascheniya: 18.04.2025).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B26">
    <label>26.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pazarbasioglu, C, A Garcia Mora, M Uttamchandani, H Natarajan, E Feyen and M Saal: “Digital financial services”, World Bank. Digital Financial Services. Report, World Bank, Washington, D.C., 2020. URL: https://www.bis.org/fsi/fsibriefs9.pdf (дата обращения: 18.04.2025).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pazarbasioglu, C, A Garcia Mora, M Uttamchandani, H Natarajan, E Feyen and M Saal: “Digital financial services”, World Bank. Digital Financial Services. Report, World Bank, Washington, D.C., 2020. URL: https://www.bis.org/fsi/fsibriefs9.pdf (data obrascheniya: 18.04.2025).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B27">
    <label>27.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prasad E. Has the dollar lost ground as the dominant international currency? Brookings, 2023 URL: https://www.brookings.edu/research/has-the-dollar-lost-ground-as-the-dominant-international-currency/ (дата обращения: 18.04.2025).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prasad E. Has the dollar lost ground as the dominant international currency? Brookings, 2023 URL: https://www.brookings.edu/research/has-the-dollar-lost-ground-as-the-dominant-international-currency/ (data obrascheniya: 18.04.2025).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B28">
    <label>28.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Serkan A, Barry E., Chima S. (2022). The stealth erosion of dollar dominance and the rise of nontraditional reserve currencies // Journal of International Economics. - №138. ISSN 0022-1996, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inteco.2022.103656</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Serkan A, Barry E., Chima S. (2022). The stealth erosion of dollar dominance and the rise of nontraditional reserve currencies // Journal of International Economics. - №138. ISSN 0022-1996, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inteco.2022.103656</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B29">
    <label>29.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">U.S. Treasury Securities Held by Foreign Residents 1/ in January 2023 (2023). – [Electronic source] U.S. Department of the Treasury. – URL: ticdata.treasury.gov/Publish/slt3d.txt (дата обращения: 29.10.2024).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">U.S. Treasury Securities Held by Foreign Residents 1/ in January 2023 (2023). – [Electronic source] U.S. Department of the Treasury. – URL: ticdata.treasury.gov/Publish/slt3d.txt (data obrascheniya: 29.10.2024).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B30">
    <label>30.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wong, A. (2016). The Untold Story Behind Saudi Arabia’s 41-Year U.S. Debt Secret – Bloomberg. – URL: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2016-05-30/the-untold-story-behind-saudi-arabia-s-41-year-u-s-debt-secret (дата обращения: 12.06.2024).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wong, A. (2016). The Untold Story Behind Saudi Arabia’s 41-Year U.S. Debt Secret – Bloomberg. – URL: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2016-05-30/the-untold-story-behind-saudi-arabia-s-41-year-u-s-debt-secret (data obrascheniya: 12.06.2024).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B31">
    <label>31.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World energy outlook 2024 (2024). – International energy. – URL: https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2024 (английский язык) (дата обращения: 07.06.2024).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">World energy outlook 2024 (2024). – International energy. – URL: https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2024 (angliyskiy yazyk) (data obrascheniya: 07.06.2024).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
  </ref-list>
 </back>
</article>
