In conditions when the main meaningful meaning of the choice of the Russian way forward is formed, the problem of the formation of economic theory, adequate to the modern stage of development of national and world economies, whose economic systems are in a state of deep transformation, is actualized more than ever. Economic science in the “new reality” is faced with such phenomena as the socialization of the economic life of modern society, the economization and financialization of politics and the politicization of the economy in the context of the globalization process, again highlighting the question of the place and directions of the development of political economy in economic science. Therefore, there is a serious question about the paradigm of modern economic theory, which would absorb the reflection of these new processes. For this reason, this material is a kind of attempt to integrate into the ongoing discussion about the place and development of political economy, about expanding the subject of economic theory [1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8], offering an author’s methodological perspective on the principal issues of discussion. Participation in the discussion is also important from the point of view of the position of research teachers leading disciplines included in one capacity or another in economic theory. And this means - developing the criterion-value socio-economic worldview of future specialists, their methodological culture of research.