Theoretical economics Theoretical economics Теоретическая экономика 2221-3260 106693 10.52957/2221-3260-2025-9-106-122 СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ МИРОВОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ MODERN PROBLEMS OF THE WORLD ECONOMY СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ МИРОВОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ Gnoseological Roots of Special Economic Zones Spatial Analysis in the World Economic Theory: Enclave and Integration Geogenesis Гносеологические корни пространственного анализа специальных экономических зон в мироэкономической теории: анклавный и интеграционный геогенезис https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9327-7022 Карачев Игорь Андреевич Karachev Igor Andreevich karachev2011@yandex.ru

кандидат экономических наук;

candidate of economic sciences;

 Ярославский государственный университет имени П. Г. Демидова Yaroslavl RU Yaroslavl State University Yaroslavl RU 30 09 2025 30 09 2025 9 106 122 01 09 2025 17 09 2025 https://theoreticaleconomy.ru/en/nauka/article/106693/view

Инструмент специальных зон получил широкое распространение в мирохозяйственной системе, благодаря возможности придавать импульс экспортоориентированному социально-экономическому, промышленному и инновационному развитию за счет своеобразного гравитационного притяжения, геопространственной концентрации и эффективного использования ограниченных ресурсов. В связи с этим актуальным является вопрос изучения механизма сбалансированного гравитационного воздействия, или геогенезиса специальных зон. Цель статьи состоит в гносеологическом и методологическом обосновании способности специальных зон «гравитационно искривлять» геоэкономическое пространство через активацию и повышение своего внешнеэкономического потенциала. В результате исследования выделены два вектора зонального развития: анклавный, ориентированный на устранение выявленных структурных инвестиционных барьеров в экономике, и интеграционный, связанный с использованием и расширением существующих в экономике ресурсных возможностей в целях полноценной реализации ее потенциала. Автором обоснована необходимость учета при практической реализации зональной концепции трех аспектов, влияющих на функционирование зон как анклавных или интеграционных экономических субъектов. К числу таких аспектов относятся, во-первых, зональные базовые характеристики (пространственная локализация; инфраструктурные условия развития; конфигурация бизнеса; особенности социокультурного планирования); во-вторых, зональные эффекты (эффекты финансовых связей; влияния иностранных факторов производства; отдачи от трудовых ресурсов; трансфера технологий и знаний; кооперации; институциональной встроенности); и в-третьих, зональные процессы (процессы установления и разрыва связей; генерации «внешних» эффектов; передислокации экономической деятельности; создания стоимости; структурных изменений; удержания динамики роста). Автором сформулированы принципы минимизации проблем координации, внутренней устойчивости и управления рисками, связанных с переходом от анклавного к интеграционному геогенезису специальных зон. Интеграционная траектория зонального геогенезиса, по мнению автора, позволит соблюсти гравитационный баланс с точки зрения недопущения крайних состояний функционирования зон: низкого пространственного влияния, с одной стороны, и превращения специальной зоны в «черную дыру» – с другой.

The instrument of special zones has become widespread in the global economic system due to the possibility of giving impetus to export-oriented socio-economic, industrial and innovative development through a kind of gravitational attraction, geospatial concentration and efficient use of limited resources. In this regard, the issue of studying the mechanism of balanced gravitational action, or the geogenesis of special zones, is relevant. The purpose of the article is to provide an gnoseological and methodological justification for the ability of special zones to “gravitationally curve” geoeconomic space through the activation and enhancement of their foreign economic potential. As a result of the study, two vectors of zonal development were identified: enclaved vector, aimed at eliminating identified structural investment barriers in the economy, and integrated vector, associated with the use and expansion of existing resource opportunities in the economy in order to fully realize its potential. The author has substantiated the need to take into account three aspects influencing the functioning of zones as enclaved or integrated economic entities in the practical implementation of the zonal concept. These aspects include, firstly, zonal basic characteristics (spatial localization; infrastructure conditions for development; business configuration; features of socio-cultural planning); secondly, zonal effects (effects of financial ties; influence of foreign factors of production; return on labor resources; transfer of technology and knowledge; cooperation; institutional embeddedness); and thirdly, zonal processes (processes of establishing and breaking ties; generating “external” effects; relocation of economic activity; value creation; structural changes; maintaining growth dynamics). The author has formulated principles for minimizing problems of coordination, internal stability and risk management associated with the transition from enclave to integration geogenesis of special zones. The integration trajectory of zonal geogenesis, according to the author, will allow maintaining gravitational balance from the point of view of preventing extreme states of zones functioning: low spatial influence, on the one hand, and the transformation of a special zone into a “black hole”, on the other.

 геоэкономическое пространство гравитационный подход полюс роста специальная экономическая зона внешнеэкономический потенциал зональные базовые характеристики зональные эффекты зональные процессы geoeconomic space gravity approach growth pole special economic zone foreign economic potential zonal basic characteristics zonal effects zonal processes

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