<!DOCTYPE article
PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20190208//EN"
       "JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.4" xml:lang="en">
 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Theoretical economics</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Theoretical economics</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Теоретическая экономика</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="online">2221-3260</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">98583</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.52957/2221-3260-2025-3-68-82</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ МИРОВОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>MODERN PROBLEMS OF THE WORLD ECONOMY</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ МИРОВОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">Effects of regional integration on trade in agricultural products in ECOWAS</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Влияние региональной интеграции на торговлю сельскохозяйственной продукцией в ЭКОВАС</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5230-0432</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Н’Горан</surname>
       <given-names>Коффи Селестен</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>N’Goran</surname>
       <given-names>Koffi Célestin</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>кандидат экономических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>candidate of economic sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6209-8267</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Титова</surname>
       <given-names>Людмила Анатольевна</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Titova</surname>
       <given-names>Lyudmila Anatol'evna</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>luxe22@yandex.ru</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>кандидат экономических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>candidate of economic sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Université Pelefero Gon Coulibaly</institution>
     <city>Korhogo</city>
     <country>CI</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Université Pelefero Gon Coulibaly</institution>
     <city>Korhogo</city>
     <country>CI</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-2">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Ярославский государственный университет имени П. Г. Демидова</institution>
     <city>Yaroslavl</city>
     <country>RU</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Yaroslavl State University</institution>
     <city>Yaroslavl</city>
     <country>RU</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <pub-date publication-format="print" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-05-08T23:34:18+03:00">
    <day>08</day>
    <month>05</month>
    <year>2025</year>
   </pub-date>
   <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-05-08T23:34:18+03:00">
    <day>08</day>
    <month>05</month>
    <year>2025</year>
   </pub-date>
   <issue>3</issue>
   <fpage>68</fpage>
   <lpage>82</lpage>
   <history>
    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-12-31T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>31</day>
     <month>12</month>
     <year>2024</year>
    </date>
    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-03-04T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>04</day>
     <month>03</month>
     <year>2025</year>
    </date>
   </history>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://theoreticaleconomy.ru/en/nauka/article/98583/view">https://theoreticaleconomy.ru/en/nauka/article/98583/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>Сельскохозяйственный сектор ЭКОВАС сталкивается с низкими объемами обмена по сравнению с другими регионами. Развитие сельскохозяйственного производства и торговли имеет решающее значение для обеспечения продовольственной безопасности, что является приоритетом для стран-членов. Целенаправленные и укрепляющие производственные системы способствуют развитию торговли внутри сообщества и интеграции региональных рынков. Однако разнообразный сельскохозяйственный потенциал ЭКОВАС сдерживается фрагментацией и различиями в национальных интересах, что делает интеграцию жизненно важной для развития внутрирегиональной торговли. Мы намерены выявить последствия и факторы, влияющие на потоки сельскохозяйственных товаров. Целью данного исследования является анализ влияния региональной интеграции на торговлю сельскохозяйственным сырьем в пятнадцати странах ЭКОВАС за период 2015-2020 гг. Этот вопрос рассматривался с использованием гравитационной модели. Методологический подход, по сути, основан на нескольких моделях. Для анализа технических характеристик моделей были использованы тесты Сяо, Хаусмана и гетероскедастичности. Пуассоновская оценка псевдомаксимального правдоподобия этой модели указывает на то, что уровень развития стран через богатство, качество инфраструктуры и уровень региональной интеграции оказывают влияние на торговлю, но с разными эффектами. Сочетание сельскохозяйственной политики (ECOWAP/PDDAA) не достигло своих целей и не оказывает влияния на торговлю. Более того, единый внешний тариф оказывает различное влияние в зависимости от выбранного показателя торговли. Всестороннее внедрение единого внешнего тарифа во всех странах ЭКОВАС необходимо для расширения двусторонней торговли. Сельскохозяйственная политика должна координироваться и систематически контролироваться для повышения производительности, продовольственной безопасности и уровня жизни в сельской местности. Таким образом, интеграция торговли сельскохозяйственной продукцией в рамках ЭКОВАС демонстрирует значительный потенциал.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>The agricultural sector in ECOWAS faces low exchange volumes compared to other regions. Developing agricultural production and trade is crucial for achieving food security, that is priority for member nations. Aimed and strengthening production systems enhance intra-community commerce and integrate regional markets. However, ECOWAS’s diverse agricultural potential is hindered by fragmentation and the difference in national interests, making integration vital for fostering intra-regional trade. We intend to identify the effects and influencing factors on agricultural commodity flows. The objective of this study is to analyze the effect of the regional integration on the trade of agricultural raw materials of the fifteen ECOWAS economies over the period 2015-2020. This question was addressed using a gravity model. The methodological approach is essentially based on several models. The Hsiao test, the Hausman test, the Heteroskedasticity test were used to analyse models’ specifications. The Pseudo Maximum Likelihood Poisson estimate of this model indicates that the level of development of countries through the wealth, quality of infrastructure and the level of regional integration have an influence on trade but the different effects. The combination of agricultural policy (ECOWAP/PDDAA) has not achieved its objectives, it has no effect on trade. Moreover, the common external tariff has a different effect depending on the trade indicator chosen. Comprehensive implementation of the common external tariff across all ECOWAS countries is necessary to enhance bilateral trade. The agricultural policies must be coordinated and systematically monitored to improve their productivity, food security, and rural livelihoods. Thus, integration of agricultural trade within ECOWAS shows significant potential.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>сельскохозяйственная интеграция</kwd>
    <kwd>региональная интеграция</kwd>
    <kwd>торговля сельскохозяйственной продукцией</kwd>
    <kwd>ЭКОВАС</kwd>
    <kwd>единый внешний тариф</kwd>
    <kwd>гравитационная модель</kwd>
    <kwd>нулевая торговля</kwd>
    <kwd>сельскохозяйственная политика</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>agriculture integration</kwd>
    <kwd>regional integration</kwd>
    <kwd>agriculture trade</kwd>
    <kwd>ECOWAS</kwd>
    <kwd>common external tariff</kwd>
    <kwd>gravity model</kwd>
    <kwd>zero trade</kwd>
    <kwd>agricultural policies</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
 <body>
  <p></p>
 </body>
 <back>
  <ref-list>
   <ref id="B1">
    <label>1.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abdoul, M., Dahou K., Guèye C., Hazard, E. (2007). Le cas de la Sénégambie Méridionale dans «Les dynamiques transfrontalières en Afrique de l’Ouest», ENDA DIAPOL Karthala.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abdoul, M., Dahou K., Guèye C., Hazard, E. (2007). Le cas de la Sénégambie Méridionale dans «Les dynamiques transfrontalières en Afrique de l’Ouest», ENDA DIAPOL Karthala.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B2">
    <label>2.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Avom, D. et Gbetnkom, D. (2005). Intégration Par Le Marché : Le Cas De L’Uemoa // Region et Developpement, LEAD, Universite du Sud - Toulon Var, Vol. 22, Р. 85-103.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avom, D. et Gbetnkom, D. (2005). Intégration Par Le Marché : Le Cas De L’Uemoa // Region et Developpement, LEAD, Universite du Sud - Toulon Var, Vol. 22, R. 85-103.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B3">
    <label>3.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Avom, D. et Mbouandi Njikam, M. (2013). Intégration par le marché cas des pays de la CEEAC // Conference economiaue africaine, 28 - 30 Octobre 2013, Johannesbourg-Afrique du Sud.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avom, D. et Mbouandi Njikam, M. (2013). Intégration par le marché cas des pays de la CEEAC // Conference economiaue africaine, 28 - 30 Octobre 2013, Johannesbourg-Afrique du Sud.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B4">
    <label>4.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Camara, I. (2013), Impact des unions monétaires sur les échanges: le cas de l’UEMOA // African Economic Conference CEA 2013, Regional Integration in Africa, Conference Paper.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Camara, I. (2013), Impact des unions monétaires sur les échanges: le cas de l’UEMOA // African Economic Conference CEA 2013, Regional Integration in Africa, Conference Paper.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B5">
    <label>5.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carrère, C. (2004). African Regional Agreements: Impact on Trade with or without Currency Unions // Journal of African Economies. Vol. 13. No. 2. Р. 199-239.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carrère, C. (2004). African Regional Agreements: Impact on Trade with or without Currency Unions // Journal of African Economies. Vol. 13. No. 2. R. 199-239.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B6">
    <label>6.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carrère, C. (2013). UEMOA et CEMAC : Quelle performance en matière de commerce ? // Revue d’économie du développement. Vol. 1. № 21. Р. 33-60. URL: https://doi.org/10.3917/edd.271.0033</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carrère, C. (2013). UEMOA et CEMAC : Quelle performance en matière de commerce ? // Revue d’économie du développement. Vol. 1. № 21. R. 33-60. URL: https://doi.org/10.3917/edd.271.0033</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B7">
    <label>7.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">CEDEAO (2005). Plan d’actions régional 2006-2010 pour la mise en œuvre de la Politique Agricole de la CEDEAO (ECOWAP) et du PDDAA/NEPAD en Afrique de l’Ouest, 49 p. URL : https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/03_Plan_d_actions_2006_2010_version_juin_05.pdf</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">CEDEAO (2005). Plan d’actions régional 2006-2010 pour la mise en œuvre de la Politique Agricole de la CEDEAO (ECOWAP) et du PDDAA/NEPAD en Afrique de l’Ouest, 49 p. URL : https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/03_Plan_d_actions_2006_2010_version_juin_05.pdf</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B8">
    <label>8.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ceglowski, J. (2006). Does Gravity Matter in A Service Economy? // Review of World Economics. Vol. 142. Issue 2. Р. 307-29.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ceglowski, J. (2006). Does Gravity Matter in A Service Economy? // Review of World Economics. Vol. 142. Issue 2. R. 307-29.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B9">
    <label>9.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kimura, F. et Lee, H. (2006). The Gravity Equation in International Trade in Services // Review of World Economies. Vol. 142, Issue 1. Р. 92-121.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kimura, F. et Lee, H. (2006). The Gravity Equation in International Trade in Services // Review of World Economies. Vol. 142, Issue 1. R. 92-121.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B10">
    <label>10.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kpepaptsoglou, К., Karlaftis, Matthew G., Tsamboulas, D.  (2010). The gravity model specification for modeling international trade flows and free trade agreement effects: a 10-year review of empirical studies// The  Open Economics Journal. Vol.3. P. 1-13. URL : https://doi.org/10.2174/1874919401003010001</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kpepaptsoglou, K., Karlaftis, Matthew G., Tsamboulas, D.  (2010). The gravity model specification for modeling international trade flows and free trade agreement effects: a 10-year review of empirical studies// The  Open Economics Journal. Vol.3. P. 1-13. URL : https://doi.org/10.2174/1874919401003010001</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B11">
    <label>11.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Limao, N., Venables, A. J. (2001). Infrastructure, Geographical Disadvantage, and Transport Cost // The World Bank Economic Review 15. №. 3(3). Р. 451-479. DOI:10.1093/wber/15.3.451</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Limao, N., Venables, A. J. (2001). Infrastructure, Geographical Disadvantage, and Transport Cost // The World Bank Economic Review 15. №. 3(3). R. 451-479. DOI:10.1093/wber/15.3.451</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B12">
    <label>12.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Linnemann, H. (1966), An Econometric Study of International Trade Flows. Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Co. URL : https://archive.org/details/econometricstudy0000linn/page/n7/mode/2up</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Linnemann, H. (1966), An Econometric Study of International Trade Flows. Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Co. URL : https://archive.org/details/econometricstudy0000linn/page/n7/mode/2up</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B13">
    <label>13.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martinez-Zarzoso, I. (2013). The Log of Gravity Revisited // Applied Economics. Vol. 45. №. 3. Р. 311–27. URL :  https://hal.science/hal-00734529v1</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martinez-Zarzoso, I. (2013). The Log of Gravity Revisited // Applied Economics. Vol. 45. №. 3. R. 311–27. URL :  https://hal.science/hal-00734529v1</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B14">
    <label>14.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Masudur R., Arjuman L. (2010). Bangladesh trade potential: A dynamic gravity approach // Journal of International Trade Law and Policy №. 9(2). Р.130-147. DOI:10.1108/14770021011054296</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Masudur R., Arjuman L. (2010). Bangladesh trade potential: A dynamic gravity approach // Journal of International Trade Law and Policy №. 9(2). R.130-147. DOI:10.1108/14770021011054296</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B15">
    <label>15.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McCallum, J. (1995). National Borders Matter: Canada-U.S. Regional Trade Patterns // The American Economic Review. Vol. 85. Р. 615–23. URL : https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152433069</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McCallum, J. (1995). National Borders Matter: Canada-U.S. Regional Trade Patterns // The American Economic Review. Vol. 85. R. 615–23. URL : https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152433069</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B16">
    <label>16.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McCord, G., Sachs, J., Wing, T., (2005). Understanding African Poverty: Beyond the Washington Consensus to the Millenium Development Goal Approach // Africa in the World Economy. FONDAD. URL : https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237273080_Understanding_Africa_Poverty_Beyond_the_Washington_Consensus_to_the_Millennium_Development_Goals_Approach</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McCord, G., Sachs, J., Wing, T., (2005). Understanding African Poverty: Beyond the Washington Consensus to the Millenium Development Goal Approach // Africa in the World Economy. FONDAD. URL : https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237273080_Understanding_Africa_Poverty_Beyond_the_Washington_Consensus_to_the_Millennium_Development_Goals_Approach</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B17">
    <label>17.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Montenegro, C., Soloaga, I., (2006). NAFTA’s trade effects: New evidence with a gravity model // Estudios de economía. № 33(1). URL : https://hdl.handle.net/10419/66697</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Montenegro, C., Soloaga, I., (2006). NAFTA’s trade effects: New evidence with a gravity model // Estudios de economía. № 33(1). URL : https://hdl.handle.net/10419/66697</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B18">
    <label>18.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ndong, B., Mboup, S. D. (2013). Accords commerciaux et flux de commerce dans la CEDEAO : le partage d’une monnaie unique est-il determinant // African Economic Conference CEA 2013, Regional Integration in Africa, Conference Paper. URL : https://archive.uneca.org/sites/default/files/uploaded-documents/AEC/2013/accords_commerciaux_et_flux_de_commerce_dans_la_cedeao.pdf</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ndong, B., Mboup, S. D. (2013). Accords commerciaux et flux de commerce dans la CEDEAO : le partage d’une monnaie unique est-il determinant // African Economic Conference CEA 2013, Regional Integration in Africa, Conference Paper. URL : https://archive.uneca.org/sites/default/files/uploaded-documents/AEC/2013/accords_commerciaux_et_flux_de_commerce_dans_la_cedeao.pdf</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B19">
    <label>19.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pöyhönen P., (1963). A Tentative Model for the Volume of Trade between Countries // Weltwirtschaftliches Archive. №90. Р. 93-100.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pöyhönen P., (1963). A Tentative Model for the Volume of Trade between Countries // Weltwirtschaftliches Archive. №90. R. 93-100.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B20">
    <label>20.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rose, A. (2000). One Money, One Market: the Effect of Common Currencies on Trade // Economic Policy. Vol. 15. № 30.  URL : http://www.nber.org/papers/w7432</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rose, A. (2000). One Money, One Market: the Effect of Common Currencies on Trade // Economic Policy. Vol. 15. № 30.  URL : http://www.nber.org/papers/w7432</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B21">
    <label>21.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tinbergen J., (1963). Shaping the World Economy : suggestions for an international Economic Policy. New York : The Twentieth Century Fund. Currencies on Trade // Economic Policy. Vol. 15. № 30.  URL : https://archive.org/details/shapingworldecon0000tinb</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tinbergen J., (1963). Shaping the World Economy : suggestions for an international Economic Policy. New York : The Twentieth Century Fund. Currencies on Trade // Economic Policy. Vol. 15. № 30.  URL : https://archive.org/details/shapingworldecon0000tinb</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B22">
    <label>22.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tchitchoua, J.,  Nguekeng, B. (2020). Compétitivité et ouverture commerciale : une étude empirique du cas BRICS et Afrique Sub-saharienne // Repères et Perspectives Economiques. Vol. 4. №1.  URL :  https://doi.org/10.34874/IMIST.PRSM/RPE/18990</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tchitchoua, J.,  Nguekeng, B. (2020). Compétitivité et ouverture commerciale : une étude empirique du cas BRICS et Afrique Sub-saharienne // Repères et Perspectives Economiques. Vol. 4. №1.  URL :  https://doi.org/10.34874/IMIST.PRSM/RPE/18990</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B23">
    <label>23.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vigninou, G. (2017). Intégration Régionale et Commerce Agricole Bilatéral en Afrique de L’Ouest // African Development Review. Vol. 29, № S2. Р. 147-162.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vigninou, G. (2017). Intégration Régionale et Commerce Agricole Bilatéral en Afrique de L’Ouest // African Development Review. Vol. 29, № S2. R. 147-162.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B24">
    <label>24.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Walsh, K. (2006). Trade in Services : Does Gravity Hold ? A Gravity Model Approach to Estimating Barriers to Services Trade  // HIS Discussion Paper. №. 183. Dublin : Institute for International Integration Studies (HIS).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Walsh, K. (2006). Trade in Services : Does Gravity Hold ? A Gravity Model Approach to Estimating Barriers to Services Trade  // HIS Discussion Paper. №. 183. Dublin : Institute for International Integration Studies (HIS).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B25">
    <label>25.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Williamson, O.E. (1979). Transaction-Cost Economics: The Governance Of Contractual Relations // The Journal of Law and Economics. Vol. 22. № 2. Р. 233-61.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Williamson, O.E. (1979). Transaction-Cost Economics: The Governance Of Contractual Relations // The Journal of Law and Economics. Vol. 22. № 2. R. 233-61.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B26">
    <label>26.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wumi K. O. , Evans, O., Henry,  O. et al. (2015). Economic Integration, Trade Facilitation and Agricultural Exports Performance in ECOWAS Sub-Region // Regional Integration and Trade in Africa. UK / Editors: M. Ncube, I. Faye, A. Verdier-Chouchane. Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan. Р. 31-46.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wumi K. O. , Evans, O., Henry,  O. et al. (2015). Economic Integration, Trade Facilitation and Agricultural Exports Performance in ECOWAS Sub-Region // Regional Integration and Trade in Africa. UK / Editors: M. Ncube, I. Faye, A. Verdier-Chouchane. Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan. R. 31-46.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
  </ref-list>
 </back>
</article>
