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 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Theoretical economics</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Theoretical economics</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Теоретическая экономика</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="online">2221-3260</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">124886</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.52957/2221-3260-2026-3-164-176</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ МИРОВОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>MODERN PROBLEMS OF THE WORLD ECONOMY</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ МИРОВОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">Cross-Border Lending to Multinational Enterprises</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Трансграничное кредитование транснациональных компаний</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Смирнов</surname>
       <given-names>Владимир Дмитриевич</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Smirnov</surname>
       <given-names>Vladimir Dmitrievich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>vdsmirnov@fa.ru</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>кандидат экономических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>candidate of economic sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Финансовый университет при Правительстве Российской Федерации</institution>
     <city>Moscow</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education &quot;Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation&quot; Vladikavkaz Branch</institution>
     <city>Moscow</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <pub-date publication-format="print" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-31T00:00:00+03:00">
    <day>31</day>
    <month>03</month>
    <year>2026</year>
   </pub-date>
   <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-31T00:00:00+03:00">
    <day>31</day>
    <month>03</month>
    <year>2026</year>
   </pub-date>
   <issue>3</issue>
   <fpage>164</fpage>
   <lpage>176</lpage>
   <history>
    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-03-04T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>04</day>
     <month>03</month>
     <year>2026</year>
    </date>
    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-03-30T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>30</day>
     <month>03</month>
     <year>2026</year>
    </date>
   </history>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://theoreticaleconomy.ru/en/nauka/article/124886/view">https://theoreticaleconomy.ru/en/nauka/article/124886/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>Контекст. Международная экспансия транснациональных корпораций (ТНК), основанная на продуктовом и технологическом лидерстве, требует обширного внешнего долгового финансирования, которое в статистике Банка международных расчетов (БМР) учитывается как трансграничное кредитование в форме банковских и облигационных займов. Специфические требования депозитно-кредитных институтов и инвесторов в корпоративные облигации не позволяют полностью удовлетворить интересы корпораций реального сектора в международном долговом финансировании. Целью исследования является выявление всех существенных каналов такого финансирования, их возможности, а также приоритеты ТНК в их использовании с учетом обстоятельств, складывающихся на домашних и зарубежных рынках. В статье устанавливаются причинно-следственные связи взаимодействия между ТНК и каждым классом кредиторов. Результаты. Комплексный анализ источников и направлений применения кредитных ресурсов для ведения международной деятельности показывает, что статистика БМР отражает только часть используемых ТНК форм долгового финансирования своих трансграничных операций. Частные кредиты инвестиционных фондов и прежде всего локальные кредитные рынки являются дополнительными источниками заемных средств для поддержки международных операций. Выводы. В исследовании аргументируется, что различные цели разных групп международных кредиторов определяют дифференциацию форм и объемов сотрудничества ТНК с ними. Заимствование ТНК на локальных рынках не означает, что привлекаемые средства используются только внутри национальных границ. Возникающие у традиционных кредиторов осложнения и затруднения экзогенного и эндогенного характера в соответствии запросам ТНК по трансграничному кредитованию вынуждают корпорации шире использовать внутрикорпоративное долговое финансирование своих иностранных подразделений и предоставление иностранным контрагентам межфирменных авансов и торговых кредитов. В статье показывается, что практика такого кредитования, выходящая за рамки краткосрочной (обычно до шести месяцев), и увеличивающиеся его объемы частично замещает трансграничное банковское и облигационное кредитование и во многом фондируется на домашних для ТНК рынках.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>The international expansion of multinational enterprises (MNEs), based on product and technological leadership, requires extensive external debt financing, which is recorded in Bank for International Settlements (BIS) statistics as cross-border lending in the form of bank and bond loans. The specific requirements of deposit-credit institutions and investors in corporate bonds do not allow for the full satisfaction of real sector corporations’ interests in international debt financing. The aim of this study is to identify all significant channels of such financing, their capabilities, and MNEs’ priorities in their use, taking into account circumstances in domestic and foreign markets. The article establishes the casual effect relationships between MNEs and each class of creditor. Results. A comprehensive analysis of the sources and uses of credit resources for international operations reveals that the BIS statistics reflect only a portion of the forms of debt financing used by MNEs for their cross-border operations. Private loans from investment funds and, above all, local credit markets are additional sources of borrowed funds to support international operations. Conclusions. The study argues that the various objectives of different groups of international creditors determine the differentiation in the forms and scope of MNE cooperation with them. MNE borrowing in local markets does not mean that the funds raised are used exclusively within national borders. The exogenous and endogenous complications and difficulties traditional creditors encounter in meeting MNEs cross-border lending demands are forcing corporations to increasingly use intra-corporate debt financing for their foreign subsidiaries and provide intercompany advances and trade credits to foreign counterparties. The article demonstrates that the practice of such lending, extending beyond short-term terms (usually up to six months), and its increasing volumes are partially replacing cross-border bank and bond lending and are largely funded in the MNEs’ home markets.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>трансграничный кредит</kwd>
    <kwd>экономическая глобализация</kwd>
    <kwd>банковское кредитование</kwd>
    <kwd>облигационное долговое финансирование</kwd>
    <kwd>торговый кредит</kwd>
    <kwd>международная экспансия ТНК</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>cross-border lending</kwd>
    <kwd>economic globalization</kwd>
    <kwd>bank and bond debt financing</kwd>
    <kwd>trade credit</kwd>
    <kwd>international expansion of MNEs</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
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