Theoretical economics Theoretical economics Теоретическая экономика 2221-3260 111735 10.52957/2221-3260-2025-10-132-149 СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ МИРОВОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ MODERN PROBLEMS OF THE WORLD ECONOMY СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ МИРОВОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ Gravitational mechanism of special economic zones: essence and applied aspects Гравитационный механизм функционирования специальных экономических зон: сущность и прикладные аспекты https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9327-7022 Карачев Игорь Андреевич Karachev Igor Andreevich karachev2011@yandex.ru

кандидат экономических наук;

candidate of economic sciences;

 Ярославский государственный университет имени П. Г. Демидова Yaroslavl RU Yaroslavl State University Yaroslavl RU 31 10 2025 31 10 2025 10 132 149 18 09 2025 07 10 2025 https://theoreticaleconomy.ru/en/nauka/article/111735/view

Поляризация геоэкономического пространства-времени, проявляющаяся в процессах неравномерности распределения различных видов деятельности и несбалансированности темпов развития, делает актуальным изучение структур, обладающих экономической гравитацией. Особое место среди подобных структур занимают специальные экономические зоны, способные стимулировать экспортоориентированный рост и изменять объемную конфигурацию мироэкономического пространства. Цель настоящей статьи состоит в теоретико-методологическом анализе оснований зональной концепции, объясняющих источники экономической гравитации специальных зон и факторы ее дифференциации. Автором выделены два типа теоретических оснований зональной концепции: общие, образующие гносеологический базис и включающие, в том числе блоки теорий агломерационного, институционального, общего экономического и внешнеэкономического развития; а также специальные, образующие гносеологическую надстройку и состоящие из подходов к зональному функционированию. Системный анализ теоретических оснований концепции специальных зон позволил выявить и дифференцировать базовые – концентрация, институциональная зрелость, качество экономического роста – и продвинутые – внешнеэкономический потенциал – источники зональной гравитации. При этом специальные зоны, содействуя «концентрации», стимулируют пространственное перераспределение производственной деятельности и обеспечивают включение национальной экономики в мирохозяйственную систему; развивая «институциональную зрелость», позволяют запустить и поддерживать процесс экспортоориентированной индустриализации; повышая «качество экономического роста», положительно влияют на создание новых генерирующих добавленную стоимость отраслей. Внешнеэкономический потенциал позволяет зонам выступать в качестве самоподдерживающихся систем, в которых сгруппированные отрасли образуют взаимоподдерживающее целое, содействуя встраиванию национальных компаний в высокостоимостные звенья глобальных производственных цепочек. Автором разработан гравитационный механизм функционирования специальных зон, а также выделены способы гравитационного воздействия зон на развитие торговых, производственных, инвестиционных, технологических и иных связей национальных экономик с глобальной системой.

The polarization of geo-economic space-time, manifested in the uneven distribution of various types of activity and unbalanced rates of development, makes it relevant to study structures with economic gravity. Special economic zones occupy a special place among such structures, as they are capable of stimulating export-oriented growth and changing the spatial configuration of the global economy. The purpose of this article is to conduct a theoretical and methodological analysis of the foundations of the zonal concept, explaining the sources of economic gravity in special zones and the factors contributing to its differentiation. The author identifies two types of theoretical foundations for the zonal concept: general ones, which form the epistemological basis and include, among other things, blocks of theories of agglomeration, institutional, general, and foreign economic development; and special ones, which form the epistemological superstructure and consist of approaches to zonal functioning. A systematic analysis of the theoretical foundations of the special zones concept has made it possible to identify and differentiate between basic sources of zonal gravity – concentration, institutional maturity, and quality of economic growth – and advanced sources – foreign economic potential. At the same time, special zones, by promoting “concentration,” stimulate the spatial redistribution of production activities and ensure the integration of the national economy into the global economic system; by developing “institutional maturity,” they enable the launch and maintenance of export-oriented industrialization; by improving the “quality of economic growth,” they have a positive impact on the creation of new value-added industries. Foreign economic potential allows zones to function as self-sustaining systems in which grouped industries form a mutually supportive whole, facilitating the integration of national companies into high-value links in global production chains. The author has developed a gravitational mechanism for the functioning of special zones and identified ways in which these zones can exert a gravitational influence on the development of trade, production, investment, technological, and other ties between national economies and the global system.

 геоэкономическое пространство экономическая гравитация пространственная неравномерность временная несбалансированность внешнеэкономический потенциал источник гравитации дифференциация гравитации geoeconomic space economic gravity spatial unevenness temporal imbalance foreign economic potential source of gravity differentiation of gravity

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